Micronuclei and nuclear anomalies in Mexico's indigenous population / Micronúcleos y anormalidades nucleares en población indígena de México

Abstract: Objective: To determine the number of micronuclei and nuclear anomalies in Mexico's indigenous population. Materials and methods: One hundred twenty indigenous individuals were evaluated, including thirty from the ethnicities Cora, Huichol, Tarahumara and Tepehuano. The number of micronuclei (MN) and any nuclear abnormality (NA) in oral mucosa cells, including cells with nuclear buds, binucleated cells, cells with karyolysis, karyorrhetic, condensed chromatin and pyknotic cells were determined for each participant. Results: Tepehuano and Tarahumaras showed the greatest damage to DNA. The Tepehuano group presented the highest number of MN and NA, this being a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared with the rest of the studied groups. This group also presented the highest herbicide exposure (46.7%). In relation to the smoking and drinking habits, these were more frequent in the Tarahumara group (33.3 and 50% respectively). Conclusion: The ethnic diversity, habits and customs may influence the DNA nuclear integrity in the Amerindian groups.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar el número de micronúcleos y anomalías nucleares en la población indígena de México. Material y métodos: Se evaluó a ciento veinte indígenas, incluyendo treinta individuos de las etnias cora, huichol, tarahumara y tepehuana. A cada participante se le determinó el número de micronúcleos (MN) y de alguna anomalía nuclear (AN) en células de mucosa bucal, incluyendo células con brotes nucleares, binucleadas, cariolisis, cariorrexis, cromatina condensada y picnóticas. Resultados: Los tepehuanos y tarahumaras mostraron el mayor daño al ADN. El grupo tepehuano presentó el mayor número de MN y AN, con una diferencia significativa (p < 0.05) en comparación con el resto de los grupos estudiados; este grupo presentó también la mayor exposición a herbicidas (46.7%). En relación con los hábitos de fumar y beber, se presentaron con mayor frecuencia en el grupo tarahumara (33.3 y 50%, respectivamente). Conclusión. La diversidad étnica, hábitos y costumbres pueden influir la integridad del ADN en los grupos amerindios.

Morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of extracellular matrix changes in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Background: The biology of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), including its progression from dysplasia to carcinoma, "field effects", genetic changes in tumor associated mucosa (TAM) and effect of matrix metalloproteinases in breaking down of matrix proteins to facilitate invasion, has been well documented. However, what remains to be done is to extrapolate this knowledge to improve patient care. Aim: The aim of this study was to observe the extracellular matrix (ECM) changes with the routine histochemical stains available to most histopathologists. Materials and Methods: The study includes 72 cases of OSCC in which the tumor and adjacent normal appearing areas were sampled to study the ECM changes with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and Verhoeff's-Van Gieson elastic stain (VVG). Results: Basophilic fragmentation of collagen (H and E) and clumped short elastic fibers (VVG) were seen in 12 (16.7%) cases. Of the remaining cases, 18 (25%) had a dense lymphocytic infiltrate and had no demonstrable elastic fibers. Those cases with H and E changes were further studied and compared with normal mucosa for ultrastructural changes. The ultrastructural study demonstrated an increase in oxytalan, elaunin and elastic fibers and decrease in collagen fibers with some transformation changes associated with OSCCs and lymph node metastasis. Conclusion: Changes in transformation of collagen to elastic fibers and also the loss of both the fibers in areas of lymphocytic infiltration possibly indicate degradation of ECM fibers by factors released from the lymphocytes or tumor cells and the limiting effect on the tumor by ECM remodeling.

Frecuencia de lesiones bucales histopatológicas en un laboratorio de patología bucal / Frequency of histopathological lesions in an oral pathology laboratory

Estudio transversal de 3293 registros de diagnósticos histopatológicos de un laboratorio de patología bucal; de 2,018 casos, 61.2 por ciento se presentaron en mujeres y 36.2 por ciento en hombres. Los datos se tomaron de las historias clínicas enviadas por los cirujanos con la biopsia, que es marcada con un número de registro, edad, género, localización, sintomatología, donde se describe macroscópicamente y microscópicamente, y por último el diagnóstico histopatológico. Se encontraron 357 lesiones diferentes, siendo las más frecuentes las siguientes: hiperplasia fibrosa, granuloma periapical, mucocele, hiperplasia fibrosa inflamatoria, granuloma piógeno, quiste periapical, folículo dental, papiloma, quiste dentígeno y displasia leve. Las lesiones inflamatorias, seguidas de las neoplásicas fueron las más comunes en el estudio. Las décadas de la vida más afectadas fueron la segunda y la tercera. Las áreas de localización más comunes fueron: mandíbula, maxilar, labio, encía, y mucosa yugal; 1,804 casos (54.7 por ciento) se presentaron en tejidos blandos, y en tejidos duros fueron 1,313 casos (39.8 por ciento). Al comparar el diagnóstico clínico con el diagnóstico histopatológico emitido por el laboratorio, el 65.6 por ciento no coinciden, y sólo coinciden el 26.3 por ciento de los diagnósticos clínicos. El género femenino fue el más afectado

Ultrastructure of the adhesion of bacteria to the epithelial cell membrane of three-day postnatal rat tongue mucosa: a transmission and high-resolution scanning electron microscopic study

Togue mucosa surface of 3-day postnatal rats was examined under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM). For HRSEM analysis, the specimens were fixed in the same solution for 24 h, postfixed in 2 percent osmiun tetroxide, critical-point dried and coated with platinum-palladium. For TEM analysis, the specimens were fixed using modified Karnovsky solution and embedded in Spurr resin. The results revealed the presence of numerous microplicae in the membrane surface of keratinized epithelial cells to which groups of bacteria were attached. These bacteria were staphylococcus and coccus organized either in rows or at random, which were visualized in three-dimensional HRSEM images. At high magnification, the TEM images revealed the adhesion of bacteria to the cell membrane through numerous filamentous structures comprising the glycocalyx. The fine fibrillar structures rising from each bacterium and from cell membrane were clearly seen. These characteristics on bacteria structure may be used for future control or prevention of bacterial diseases and for installation of the oral native flora.

A superfície lingual de ratos de três dias de idade foi examinada em microscópia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) e em microscópia eletrônica varredura de alta resolução (MEVAR). Para o método de MEVAR, os espécimes foram fixados na mesma solução por 24 h, pós fixados em solução de tetróxido de ósmio a 2 por cento, secos em ponto crítico e cobertos com platina- paládio. Para análise em MET, os espécimes foram fixados utilizando-se solução de Karnovsky modificada e emblocadas em resina Spurr. Os resultados mostraram a presença de numerosas micropregas na membrana superficial das células epiteliais queratinizadas, nas quais estavam aderidos grupos de bactérias. Estas bactérias eram estafilococos e cocos, organizados em fileiras ou a esmo, e puderam ser observadas em imagens tri-dimensionais em MEVAR. Em maiores aumentos, as imagens em MET revelaram a adesão de bactérias nas células por meio de numerosas estruturas filamentares compondo o glicocálice. As delicadas estruturas filamentares na periferia das bactérias e das células foram nitidamente identificadas. Estas características da estrutura bacteriana podem ser utilizadas, no futuro, para controle e prevenção de doenças bacteriana, bem como para a instalação da flora oral nativa.

Prevalencia de lesiones en la mucosa bucal de pacientes diagnosticados en el Laboratorio Central de Histopatología Bucal Dr. Pedro Tinocco de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, durante el período 1968-1987: resultados preliminares / Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in patients diagnosed at the Central Laboratory of Oral Histopathology Dr. Pedro Tinocco from the School of Dentistry, Central University of Venezuela, over the period 1968-1987: preliminary results

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar la prevalencia de lesiones que afectan la mucosa bucal, mediante un estudio retrospectivo de los casos diagnosticados en el Laboratorio Central de Histopatología Bucal Dr. Pedro Tinoco de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central de Venezuela durante el período 1968 - 1987. Se realizó un estudio de carácter retrospectivo, transversal y descriptivo. (Prevalencia) donde se revisó un total de 7.000 microhistorias para obtener la información planteada durante el período 1968 - 1987, pudiendo determinar que 2.251(32,1 por ciento) de éstas correspondían a la patología a estudiar. Estos datos fueron analizados de acuerdo a diagnóstico histopatológico, edad, sexo y localización anatómica. La patología diagnosticada con más frecuencia fue la Leucoplasia(n=343; 15,2 por ciento) seguida por Hiperplasia fibrosa por prótesis dental(n= 290; 12,8 por ciento) y Fibroma Traumático(n= 238; 10,5 por ciento). La mayor prevalencia de edad fue del grupo de 20 - 29 años(n=417; 18,5 por ciento). El sexo femenino fue el de mayor predilección(n=1545; 68,6 por ciento).La localización anatómica más frecuentemente afectada fue encía maxilar(n=319; 14,1 por ciento). Se reportaron 24 casos de paracoccidiodomicosis (1,0 por ciento) de los cuales la totalidad de estos afectó el sexo masculino. Nuestros resultados ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de evaluar periódicamente los pacientes con lesiones leucoplásicas dado el potencial de transformación maligna de las misma y a los pacientes portadores de prótesis.

This research is intended to assess the prevalence of lesions affecting the oral mucosa, through a retrospective study of cases diagnosed at the Laboratorio Central de Histopatología Bucal "Dr. Pedro Tinoco" de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central de Venezuela during 1968 - 1987. A descriptive retrospective study was made reviewing a total of 7,000 histories to obtain the information stated during the period 1968 - 1987, determined that 2,251 (32.1%) of these corresponded to the pathology studied. This data was analyzed according to histopathological diagnoses, age, sex, and anatomical location. The most frequent diagnosed pathology was Leucoplakia ( N=343; 15.2%), followed by denture - induced fibrous hyperplasia ( N= 290; 12.8%) and irritation fibroma (N= 238; 10.5%). The prevalent age group was between 20 and 29 years (N= 417; 18.5% ) and female affected gender (N= 1545; 68.6%). The most frequent anatomical location was the maxilary gingiva (N= 319 ; 14.1%). 24 cases of Paracoccidiodomycosis were reported (1.0%) of which all were affected the male. Our results evidence the need of the fellow - up assement in patients with Leukoplakia, given the potencial of malignant transformation and patients bearing prosthetics.

Effect of vitamin A on experimentally induced diabetic mucosal changes of buccal cavity of adult male albino rats. A light and electron microscopic study

Diabetes mellitus is accompanied by periodontal disease and several soft tissue lesions. Scientific and epidemiological data suggested a long synergy between nutrition and the integrity of the tissues of the oral cavity in health and disease. Forty two adult male albino rats were used in the current study in order to evaluate the role of vitamin A in treatment of diabetic changes in the mucous membrane of the cheek. The animals were divided into 2 major groups, a control [I] and an experimental group [II]. The experimental group was further divided into 4 equal subgroups. Subgroup IIa, was the diabetic subgroup. Subgroup IIb included diabetic rats that received insulin. Subgroup IIc was the diabetic subgroup that received vitamin A. Subgroup IId was formed of diabetic rats that received both insulin and vitamin A. Oral form of vitamin A [retinyl palmitate] was topically applied to the buccal cavity. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin. Diabetes in the present study resulted in cytoplasmic and nuclear changes in the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the cheek. The junctions between the cells showed dilated spaces. Areas of keratinization were observed between the epithelial cells, there was also patchy areas of loss of the superficial cells. The subepithelial connective tissue showed congested blood capillaries. Some of these changes were still observed in subgroup IIb that received insulin treatment alone. Topical application of retinyl palmitate together with insulin resulted in that the mucous membrane of the cheek showed a very similar picture to that of the control. In conclusion, the mucosa of the oral cavity was found to be greatly affected by diabetes mellitus. Insulin alone was not sufficient to treat these changes. Topical application of oral form of vitamin A together with insulin resulted in a marked improvement. It is recommended that diabetic patients have to use a mouth gargle or tooth paste to which oral form of vitamin A [retinyl palmitate] was added

Aspectos histológicos e ultraestruturais da língua em ratos desnutridos / Histological and ultrastructural aspects of the tongue in undernourished rats

Poucos estudos sobre os efeitos da desnutrição protéico-calórica na mucosa oral são encontrados na literatura. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar os efeitos da desnutrição protéico-calórica na mucosa da língua de ratos adultos, envolvendo microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Um estudo experimental foi realizado em trinta ratos Wistar, 15 controles e 15 com desnutrição protéico-calórica. O último grupo recebeu ração em pequena quantidade, com menor conteúdo de caseína, durante 45 dias. Os ratos foram pesados a cada 3 dias, do primeiro (90 dias de vida) ao último dia (45 dias de dieta), quando foram sacrificados. Foi realizada eletroforese de proteínas plasmáticas e as línguas foram preparadas para microscopia óptica comum e eletrônica. Para análise estatística utilizou-se análise de variância e teste T de Student. RESULTADOS: Foi observada uma significante diminuição no peso e nas proteínas plasmáticas dos ratos com desnutrição protéico-calórica em relação ao grupo controle. A análise histológica não mostrou diferenças entre os dois grupos, e os resultados, com respeito à contagem das papilas filiformes da mucosa lingual pela microscopia eletrônica, não revelou diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A desnutrição protéico-calórica não causa alterações na mucosa da língua de ratos adultos.

There are few published studies on the effects of protein-caloric undernourishment on the oral mucosa. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to verify the histological and ultrastructural aspects of the tongue mucosa in protein-caloric undernourished adult rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A clinical experimental study was done in thirty Wistar rats, 15 controls and 15 with protein-caloric undernourishment. The last group received ration in small amounts, with a reduced casein content, during 45 days. Rats were weighed every 3 days, from the first (90 days of life) to the last day of a 45-day dietary period, when they were sacrificed. Plasma was used for protein electrophoresis and their tongues were prepared for light and scanning electron microscopy. Analysus of variance and StudentÆs t-test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A significant decrease in weight and in plasma proteins was found in protein-caloric undernourished rats compared to the control group. Histological findings revealed no differences between the two groups and there were no statistically significant differences in the filiform papilla count under the scanning electron microscopy. CONCLUSION: Protein-caloric undernourishment does not cause alterations in the tongue mucosa of adult rats.

Histopathology and ultrastructural features in mucous extravasation phenomenon: report of a case

Histopathological and ultrastructural features of a case of pseudocyst extravastation mucocele lesion located in the lower lip of an 18 yearold Malaysian female is presented. Complete surgical excision of the lesion with associated minor salivary glands was done. The specimenwas processed for routine histopathology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for ultrastructral studies. The lesion revealed pooling of mucin infiltrated with inflammatory cells and walled by a rim of granulation tissue. The underlying salivary lobules showed varying degrees of chronic sclerosing sialadenitis. Ultrastructural features revealed multiple membrane bound electron lucent mucus granules with varying diameter, duct cells with few microvilli. Desmosomes, tonofilaments and myoepithelial cells were prominent. There were also dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)and presence of multiple electron dense granules

Histopathology and ultrastructural features in mucous extravasation phenomenon: report of a case%Aspectos histopatológicos e estruturais no fenômeno de extravasamento da mucosa: um estudo de caso

Histopathological and ultrastructural features of a case of pseudocyst extravastation mucocele lesion located in the lower lip of an 18 yearold Malaysian female is presented. Complete surgical excision of the lesion with associated minor salivary glands was done. The specimenwas processed for routine histopathology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for ultrastructral studies. The lesion revealed pooling of mucin infiltrated with inflammatory cells and walled by a rim of granulation tissue. The underlying salivary lobules showed varying degrees of chronic sclerosing sialadenitis. Ultrastructural features revealed multiple membrane bound electron lucent mucus granules with varying diameter, duct cells with few microvilli. Desmosomes, tonofilaments and myoepithelial cells were prominent. There were also dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)and presence of multiple electron dense granules

Effect of cadmium on the floor of the mouth on rats during lactation

O cádmio (Cd) do ar, da água e dos alimentos tem o potencial de afetar a saúde das pessoas, principalmente daquelas que vivem em regiões altamente industrializadas. O Cd afeta a função placentária, podendo atravessar a barreira placentária e provocar distúrbios no desenvolvimento fetal. Pode, também, ser excretado pelo leite. O organismo é particularmente susceptível à exposição ao Cd no período perinatal. Foi estudado o efeito da intoxicação por Cd no epitélio do soalho da boca de ratos expostos a baixos níveis do metal na água de bebedouro, durante a lactação. As ratas receberam água ad libitum contendo 300 mg/l de CdCl2 durante toda a lactação. Os animais controle receberam um volume similar de água sem Cd. Os filhotes foram sacrificados por sobredosagem anestésica no 21º dia. As cabeças dos animais foram separadas, fixadas em solução de "alfac" (álcool, ácido acético e formaldeído) por 24 h, seccionadas seriadamente em planos frontais ao nível dos primeiros molares, e os cortes de 6 µm foram corados com hematoxilina-eosina. Foram estimados os parâmetros nucleares do epitélio, assim como os volumes citoplasmático e celular, a relação núcleo/citoplasma, as densidades numérica e superficial e a espessura epitelial. O peso corporal médio do filhote foi de 34,86 g no grupo controle e 18,56 g no tratado. Histologicamente, o epitélio dos animais tratados mostrou-se adelgaçado, constituído de células abundantes e menores. Neste experimento, o Cd ocasionou um quadro de hipotrofia epitelial, indicando uma ação direta nas células epiteliais da mucosa oral, além de retardar o desenvolvimento dos filhotes intoxicados.

A qualitative and quantitative estimation of AgNORS in dysplastic and non-dysplastic leukoplakias.

Using a silver staining technique, nucleolar organizer region--associated proteins (AgNORS) were studied in formalin, fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of normal oral buccal mucosa epithelium, leukoplakia with dysplasias and leukoplakia without dysplasias. Fifty cases, that comprised of 10 cases of normal oral buccal mucosa epithelium and 40 cases, of leukoplakia without dysplasia and with mild, moderate and severe leukoplakia were examined with respect to the relationship between AgNOR counts and histologic grading. The mean AgNOR count per nucleus increased from normal oral buccal mucosa epithelium to leukoplakia without dysplasia to leukoplakia with dysplasia. Higher counts, wider scatter and smaller size of AgNOR in the nuclei were seen as the grading of dysplasia increased from mild to severe. It is suggested that this method has potential in distinguishing between dysplastic and non dysplastic leukoplakias and for early diagnosis, prognosis and treatment planning of dysplastic lesions.

Estudio morfológico y morfométrico del epitelio lingual de fetos de ratas intoxicadas con cobre durante la preñez / Morphologic and morphometric study of the tongue epithelium of rat fetuses after copper intoxication during pregnancy

En ratas grávidas se estudiaron los efectos de la administración intravenosa de sulfato de cobre (4 mg/kg de peso) sobre la estructura del epitelio de la mucosa lingual de sus fetos. Los exámenes histopatológicos y morfométrico revelaron, en los animales del grupo intoxicado, un epitelio más delgado debido, principalmente, a la ausencia de los estratos granuloso y córneo en las regiones dorsal posterior y ventral de la mucosa lingual

Characteristics of the palatine mucosa of the calomys callosus: light and sem study

Se estudiaron las características de la superficie e interfase del tejido epitelio-conjuntivo de la mucosa palatina del paladar duro del Calomys callosus, a través del microscopio de luz y de la microscopía electrónica de barrido. Seis ejemplares fueron fijados en soluciones de Bouin y de Kamovsky modificada. Los resultados mostraron que las regiones anterior y media presentan pliegues transversales y superficies planas adyacentes. La superficie mostraba un epitelio escamoso queratinizado. La lámina propia de la mucosa palatina presentaba abundante tejido conjuntivo papilar de variadas formas. Próximo a la región de los dientes, el tejido conjuntivo papilar era más abundante. El pliegue transversal medía entre 150 µm y 300 µm de diámetro. La superficie de la mucosa palatina del paladar duro del Calomys callosus presentaba células epiteliales poligonales. Algunas células descamativas se notaban claramente. La superficie de la interfase del tejido epitelio-conjuntivo presentaba abundante tejido conjuntivo papilar primario y secundario. La red de gruesos haces de fibras colágenas se observaban en cada papila, mostrando imágenes tridimensionales

Correlación citológica de laserterapia en úlceras aftosas / Citologic correlation of laser therapy in aphthous ulcers

Se estudiaron 26 laminillas con citología exfoliativa bucal de 17 pacientes, ambos sexos, con rangos de edad entre 5-65 años, que presentaban úlceras aftosas con un máximo de 36 horas de evolución y sin aplicación previa de tratamiento. Se observaron todas las laminillas, determinando los siguientes índices: maduración de Frost, eosinófilo, plegamiento, aglutinación, además de los valores estrogénicos y cariopicnóticos, con el propósito de comparar, mediante estos índices, los cambios ocurridos antes y después de la aplicación durante tres minutos del rayo láser blando galio-aluminio-arsenurio, a longitud de onda de 790 nanómetros, 115 volts de entrada, 6 volts de salida y 30 microwatts de potencia. Se aplicó la prueba "t" de Student en muestras apareadas con un nivel de confianza P=0.05, para establecer la significancia estadística de los cambios detectados. Las úlceras aftosas presentaron significancia en células intermedias del índice de maduración, en células no cariopicnóticas y en el índice de aglutinación. Por lo tanto, para este estudio se demuestra que el tratamiento con rayo láser acelera el metabolismo celular epitelial, con una menor descamación, observándose un proceso de reparación uniforme, estable y predecible

Cambios intraepiteliales en la mucosa bucal / Intraepithelial changes in the oral mucosa

Se analizaron 250 biopsias de lesiones precancerosas (cancerizables) con el objeto de investigar los cambios intraepiteliales (displasia) y evaluar su incidencia. 19 de estas patologías (7.6 por ciento) presentaron lesiones intraepiteliales grado III (displasia grave). Del estudio bibliográfico se recoge la necesidad de otorgar a este tipo de cambios intraepiteliales una nomenclatura más adecuada a las normas internacionales (Acta Cytol. 33:567, 1989). Se propone la designación de lesiones intraepiteliales de mucosa bucal (LIMb) grado I, II y III en reemplazo del controvertido término displasia

Fine structure of the sensory nerve endings of the lower lip mucosa of Cebus apella monkey

The morphology of the sensory nerve endings of lower lip mucosa was studied using transmission electron microscopy. The sensory nerve endings are constituted by several thin terminal axons ranging from O.25 to 1.5 mum, and each one is somrrounded by cytoplasmic processes of lamellar cells. These lamellae measure approximately 0.l5mum in width, and contain rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, microfilaments, and caveolae. Between the lamellae and the terminal axons and also the adjacent lamella are noted desmosome-type junctions. The terminal axons contain numerous mitochondria and clear vesicles measuring from 30 to 5Onm in diameter. The basal lamina of lamellar processes is generally extense appearing as several electron dense lines, and the interlamellar space is characterized by an amorphous substance and some fine collagen fibrils.

Ultrastructure of the Merkel corpuscles of the lower lip mucosa inferior del mono cebus apella

Se estudió la ultraestructura de los corpúsculos de Merkel en la mucosa del labio inferior del labio de los monos Cebus apella. Las células de Merkel se localizan en la base de la red epitelial adyacente e intimamente asociada con una o dos terminaciones nerviosas intra-epiteliales. Las células de Merkel poseen un núcleo dentado, caracterizado por la concentración de numerosos gránulos denso-teñidos con un rango que varía de 30 a 80 nm de diámetro. Las protrusiones citoplasmáticas de las células de Merkel se extienden en los espacios intercelulares, conteniendo microfilamentos paralelos orientados longitudinalmente. Se observan uniones tipo desmosomas entre el axón terminal y las células de Merkel y queratinocitos adyacentes. El axón terminal muestra la presencia de numerosas mitocondrias y vesículas claras que miden de 30 a 50 nm de diámetro. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que la protrusión citoplasmática puede servir para detectar el movimiento de queratinocitos adyacentes y también relaciona la capa epitelial con el tejido conectivo de la lámina basal